The Future of Biomedical Engineering Essay - 1232 Words

While still a young and relatively new field, biomedical engineering has been reported as the fastest growing career in America. With a projected growth of seventy-two percent by the year 2018, the potential for new opportunities and projects is immense (â€Å"Fastest Growing Jobs†). While past innovation has solely included use of artificial devices, the field is now exploring the use of regenerative medicine and stem cells, cells that can be used for the growth of tissues or organs. The use of stem cells may lead to several future advancements including the regeneration of back discs, laboratory grown kidneys, and the cure for Alzheimer’s Disease. The creation of a new biomaterial that regenerates back discs can reduce and even terminate the†¦show more content†¦Stem cells are useful to the field of biomedical engineering because of their ability to divide and specialize in a multitude of cell types. Under the direction of a biomedical engineer, stem cells co uld be used for the growth of an organ or tissue. Stem cells could also be added to damaged tissue to replenish the area (â€Å"Stem Cell Basics†). The regrowth or reparation of organs and tissues open up a wide field of possibilities that biomedical engineers can explore, such as the potential to help those suffering from degenerative disc disease. Known as one of the most common causes of neck and back pain, degenerative disc disease is a condition where currently the pain can only be managed, but not yet cured. Degenerative disc disease occurs when the discs of the spinal cord, which are normally soft and easily compressed in order to absorb shock, break down over time. Because of this, the discs can no longer absorb shock which results in a great deal of pain for the afflicted person (â€Å"Degenerative Disc†). However, biomedical engineers are working to reverse the pain by injecting stem cells into the area of the spine where the discs are damaged. The difficulties with accomplishing this advancement are properly injecting the stem cells and keeping them contained in the area between the discs. To combat this,Show MoreRelatedBiomedical Engineering: Prosthetics of the Future1145 Words   |  5 PagesBiomedical Engineering: Prosthetics of the future Take a second, and imagine your life as a teenager, fresh out of college with, aspiring to get a degree in whatever your heart desires. You’ve got lots of ambition and potential. The world is at your fingertips; you can do anything you set your mind to. But one day, tragedy strikes and the unthinkable happens: you lose a limb. Why is not important, but what the future entails is. Let’s say this limb is your right arm, the one you have used all yourRead MoreCollege And Career Research Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesCollege and Career Research Essay By, Darien Carson The future; after high school, after college, the future is a later time period that will happen in one’s life. For my future I plan to attend college and later become an engineer. College is one of the best choices available for high school graduates to ensure a successful future. Colleges offer specialized learning that when attended can open many opportunities. Two colleges I may attend after high school are Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyRead MoreA Research On Biomedical Engineering1585 Words   |  7 Pagesof science, in addition to my desire to be helpful. I found myself scanning the list majors that different colleges had to offer, eventually stumbling upon biomedical engineering. Initially, I knew very little about the field, assuming they mostly worked with prosthetics. 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The Directive for the American Dream Free Essays

Robert Frost is one of the most popular poets in America. He was known as the favorite poet of the country’s citizens (Hollander). In â€Å"Directive†, one of his popular works, Frost became controversial as the interpretation of the poem actually suggested that in order to find one’s self; one has to get lost first. We will write a custom essay sample on The Directive for the American Dream or any similar topic only for you Order Now This may be true as there is no necessity to find something which is not lost. However, by claiming this in his poem, it has been said that Frost has presented to his audience the modern version of the American dream. The American Dream The concept, American Dream, began from the writer James Truslow Adams. He used it in his book, â€Å"Epic of America†, which was published in 1931. The concept referred to that dream or vision of a land in which life is better, richer, and fuller for all people. The opportunities in this land are according to each person’s ability and accomplishments. It is not merely a dream of people to have high-end properties and earn high salaries; instead it is a vision of a social order in which all men and women may be able to achieve the fullest stature that their innate capability may bring them. This is regardless of concepts that are relative to fate or destiny, like circumstances of birth or position (â€Å"What is the American Dream†). During the 30’s, the century in which this work was published, the American dream actually started to become vague. Although there were people who believed strongly in the American dream, there were also those who slowly lost faith. America was then under the great depression and its economy was at a very low status; thus, the vision of the American dream seemed rather obscure (Sutton). However, as the time passed, the cloudiness of the vision started to clear up. America slowly got to its feet again and the dreamers, who woke up during the great depression, began to dream again. Today the dream is still on-going and the dreamers have now grown to multitudes. From Americans who believed their founding fathers, the dream has already spread to other countries (Sutton). Foreigners who continued to enter America were said to have been armed with their American dream. They come into the country, with the desire to earn for themselves and their families and to achieve greater. This is then current generation’s view of the American dream (Bohan). This may be what Frost was referring to in his poem. It may be remembered that the poem, â€Å"Directive† was about a speaker telling someone that he can accompany him around, direct him somewhere. But there is a huge probability that he may only take the person to the wrong destination as indicated by this line, â€Å"if you’ll let a guide direct you/ Who only has at heart your getting lost† (Frost). This may point that Frost was trying to tell his audience that in order for a person to find his true destination, he must first get lost. In the earlier part of the poem the speaker described the places that the person he will be accompanying may go through. It is an old town, where everything is dilapidated and destroyed. The roads were once walked on yet no longer visited and patronized. It is a place that people has deserted (Frost). This may be comparable to the fact that when foreign migrants start to envision something great for themselves and decides to transfer to America, he leaves behind the home he once knew. The deserted place may refer to the life the migrants once had. It was tattered, of not the best quality, and very poor. Now the journey that the poem is referring to may be the travel in order to achieve the American dream. This may refer to the part of the migrant’s life where he enacts the dream and tries to fulfill it. In the poem, this is the line that says, ‘Make yourself up a/cheering song of how /Someone’s road home from work this once was, /Who may be just ahead of you on foot† (Frost). It indicates that many have done the same things and many have dreamed the same dream and have embarked on the journey. They left their home, their old lives, and even their identities. The way that the migrants left their identities behind is the notion of ‘lost’ that was being referred to by Frost in his work. Paralleling this to the American dream, it should be noted that foreign people enter the country to work and the citizens have the tendency to discriminate. These immigrants are not only viewed unequally by the citizens; they are also treated unequally by those who employ them. One common instance is the case of the Mexican laborers who are paid with lower wages but given bigger and more difficult jobs than American laborers. People seem to have this notion that when the work is done by Mexicans, it can be as good and efficient but not as costly. This notion is directly related to their racial affiliations (La Botz). The fact that when they are seen this way denotes that they have already lost their dignity and themselves. There seems to be no hope if this kind of situation is examined, however, as the poem indicates, â€Å"And if you’re lost enough to find yourself/ By now, pull in your ladder road behind you/ And put a sign up CLOSED to all but me. /Then make yourself at home† (Frost), the drawback is not without a price. After being lost, the person finally finds his destination. Relative to the immigrant workers, the destination is the fulfillment of their American dream. Given this, it may then be concluded that using various symbolic words such as destinations, lost, and home in the poem â€Å"Directive†, Robert Frost was able to present to the public his idea on modern American Dream. He was able to expose to his readers that the modern American dream involves getting lost and finding one’s self again as narrated in his poem. He was also able to pinpoint that this generation’s American dream is no longer limited to the citizens of the country but also to foreigners who are willing to get lost in order to find themselves finally. Works Cited Bohan, RT. 2008. â€Å"Immigrants and the American Dream†. Liberty in America. 30 April 2009 http://www. nolanchart. com/article4019. html. Frost, Robert. 2009. â€Å"Directive†. Poets. org. 30 April 2009 http://www. poets. org/viewmedia. php/prmMID/20521 . Hollander, John. 2009. â€Å"A Close Look at Robert Frost†. Poets. org. 30 April 2009 http://www. poets. org/viewmedia. php/prmMID/15894 . La Botz, Dan. 1992. â€Å"Labor in Mexico†. multinationalmonitor. org. 30 April 2009 http://multinationalmonitor. org/hyper/issues/1992/11/mm1192_13. html . Sutton, Bettye. 2008. â€Å"American Cultural History†. Lonestar College Kingwood. 30 April 2009 http://kclibrary. lonestar. edu/decade30. html . â€Å"What is the American Dream. † 2002 The Library of Congress. 30 April 2009 http://lcweb2. loc. gov/learn/lessons/97/dream/thedream. html . How to cite The Directive for the American Dream, Papers

Innovation And Profitability In Mcdonald Australia †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Innovation And Profitability In Mcdonald Australia. Answer: Introduction McDonalds is one of the well-known fast food companies in Australia. The company was introduced in their first store in Australia in 1971 and presently they are operating more than 900 stores in the country. The present customer base of the company is 90,000-spread across the country (McDonald's AU., 2017). However, the company faces strong competition from other fast food stores such as Hungry Jack, Dominos, Pizza Hut and KFC (Heffernan, 2017). The continuous competition faced by the company is making it necessary for them to take up new product innovations that are different from others. The research paper we will study the importance of product innovation on profitability of the company and will survey the frequency at which the company improvises its product varieties. Innovation is a process to bring about a new look and taste to the product a company is producing. It is a continuous process that is increasing on a day-to-day basis. Companies are continuously focused on producing new products in order to stay ahead of their competitors. It is a revolutionary process and a strong output indicator (Bain Kleinknecht, 2016). Thus, McDonalds should take up product innovations in order to put itself ahead of its competitors. The next important consideration is the demand for the product produced in a company. Demand is one of the most important driving forces for the yearly revenues of the company. A business runs with the sole aim of increasing demand for their items. Demand for a product is affected by various factors such as expectations and preferences of teh consumers (Mankiw, 2014). Therefore, McDonalds should always aim at meeting the needs of teh customers by bringing about an innovation on its menu range. It should be different than other fast food brands. Research Question What are the recent initiative taken by McDonalds on product innovation and its affect on profitability? Objectives of the Research To study the product menu of McDonalds in Australia Analyse the recent product addition on the menu list of the company Analyse the rate of profit increase after the innovation and compare it with the previous profit data Methodology The method chosen for this research involves descriptive qualitative method through survey questionnaire. It is one of the best data collection methods when a large number of populations need to be covered. The survey method is very effective as it allows the researcher to interact directly with the consumers and the administrative members to know their thinking on product innovation in the company. It allows the researcher to know the beliefs, views and needs of the consumers (Sullivan-Bolyai, Bova Singh, 2014). The data will be collected through primary research in a form of a questionnaire, in which the researcher writes the questions it wants the consumers to answer. There will be a mixture of both open ended and close-ended questions. Consumers visiting the store from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. will be chosen for the research regarding their choice of menu and extra food items that they might like. Few questions will also ask their choice on some specific items from other fast food brand. Administrative staffs will also be included in the research for knowing the internal initiatives of the company and data on profit increase after any innovation that took place in the company. Another way of getting the responses is by uploading the questionnaire in several social media sites so that the customers visiting these sites can give their views about their food preference and their expectations from the company. This will help the researcher to gather data from all kinds of people in a wide range. Res pondents are expected to answer the questions carefully so that the survey gives error free results. The responses of the consumers will be analysed to determine the positive impact of food nnovation in McDonalds, Australia and the future modifications the company can take. A narrative method will be used to analyse the data. The analysis will be written in a story form about the present menu changes and profit increase in McDonalds and the suggestions given for further food development. This method is the easiest method of analysis and could be understood by everybody (Bernard, Wutich Ryan, 2016). References Bain, D., Kleinknecht, A. (Eds.). (2016).New concepts in innovation output measurement. Springer. Bernard, H. R., Wutich, A., Ryan, G. W. (2016).Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches. SAGE publications. Heffernan, M. (2017).McDonald's Australian sales to hit $5b.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 August 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/mcdonalds-australian-sales-to-hit-5bn-20161022-gs8i13.html Mankiw, N. G. (2014).Essentials of economics. Cengage learning. Our Story | About Macca's | McDonald's AU. (2017).Mcdonalds.com.au. Retrieved 28 July 2017, from https://mcdonalds.com.au/about-maccas/maccas-story Sullivan-Bolyai, S., Bova, C., Singh, M. D. (2014). Data-collection methods.Nursing Research in Canada-E-Book: Methods, Critical Appraisal, and Utilization, 287.

The Old Testament Essays - Enma Eli, Mesopotamian Mythology, God

The Old Testament The Old Testament is a compilation, and like every compilation it has a wide variety of contributors who, in turn, have their individual influence upon the final work. It is no surprise, then, that there exist certain parallels between the Enuma Elish, the cosmogony of the Babylonians, and the Book of Genesis, the first part of the Pentateuch section of the Bible. In fact, arguments may be made that other Near Eastern texts, particularly Sumerian, have had their influences in Biblical texts. The extent of this 'borrowing', as it were, is not limited to the Bible; the Enuma Elish has its own roots in Sumerian mythology, predating the Enuma Elish by nearly a thousand years. A superficial examination of this evidence would erroneously lead one to believe that the Bible is somewhat a collection of older mythology re-written specifically for the Semites. In fact, what develops is that the writers have addressed each myth as a separate issue, and what the writers say is that their God surp asses every other. Each myth or text that has a counterpart in the Bible only serves to further an important idea among the Hebrews: there is but one God, and He is omnipotent, omniscient, and other-worldly; He is not of this world, but outside it, apart from it. The idea of a monotheistic religion is first evinced in recorded history with Judaism, and it is vital to see that instead of being an example of plagiarism, the Book of Genesis is a meticulously composed document that will set apart the Hebrew God from the others before, and after. To get a clear picture of the way the Book of Genesis may have been formed (because we can only guess with some degree of certainty), we must place in somewhere in time, and then define the cultures in that time. The influences, possible and probable, must be illustrated, and then we may draw our conclusions. If we trace back to the first appearance of the Bible in written form, in its earliest translation, we arrive at 444 B.C.. Two texts, co mponents of the Pentateuch referred to as 'J' and 'E' texts, can be traced to around 650 B.C. Note that 'J' refers to Yahweh (YHVH) texts, characterized by the use of the word 'Yahweh' or 'Lord' in accounts; 'E' refers to Elohist texts, which use, naturally, 'Elohim' in its references to God.1 But 650 B.C. isn't our oldest reference to the 'J' and 'E' texts; they can be traced, along with the other three strands of the Pentateuch, to at least 1000 B.C. Our first compilation of these strands existed in 650 B.C.. We must therefore begin our search further back in time. We can begin with the father of the Hebrew people, Abraham. We can deduce when he lived, and find that he lived around 1900 B.C. in ancient Mesopotamia2. If we examine his world and its culture, we may find the reasons behind certain references in Genesis, and the mythologies they resemble. The First Babylonian Dynasty had begun around 1950 B.C. and would last well into the late 16th century B.C.. The Babylonians had just conquered a land previously under the control of the Assyrians, and before that, the Summering. Abraham had lived during a time of great prosperity and a remarkably advanced culture. He was initially believed to have come from the city of Ur, as given in the Bible as "...the Ur of Chaldees". Earlier translations read, however, simply "...Land of the Chaldees"; later, it was deduced that Abraham had come from a city called Haran3. In any case, he lived in a thriving and prosperous world. Homes were comfortable, even luxurious. Copies of hymns were found next to mathematical tablets detailing formulae for extracting square and cube roots.4 The level of sophistication 4000 years ago is remarkable. We can also deduce that it was a relatively stable and peaceful society; its art is characterized by the absence of any warlike activity, paintings or sculptures.5 We also have evidence of an Israelite tribe, the Benjamites, in Babylonian texts. The Benjamites were nomads on the frontie r of its boundaries, and certainly came in contact with Babylonian ideas- culture, religion, ethics.

Confucian Values and Their Impact on Negotiations essays

Confucian Values and Their Impact on Negotiations essays Confucian Values and Their Impact on Negotiations When dealing with a group of people with beliefs different than your own, you should always gain an understanding of these beliefs before negotiations begin. This helps to ensure that no one will be offended and everything will run smoothly. If you do not know what people consider inappropriate, then it is very easy to inadvertently say or do the wrong thing. If I worked for the U.S. State Department and was going to negotiate with a Japanese delegation on trade policies, I would be in a good position because of my knowledge of Confucianism. A large portion of the Japanese culture is related to Confucianism in one way or another. With my knowledge of this religion, I could respect the delegations beliefs and be sure not to offend anyone. Respect and honor are two major foundations of Confucianism. Confucians are taught to always honor their elders and to respect others. For example, if someone were suggesting an idea it would definitely not be okay to interrupt or criticize. Confucians believe that you should always listen to every idea and to show courtesy. No idea should be rejected. Since I possess the knowledge of this social rule, I would be sure not to offend anyone by interrupting and discarding an idea or suggestion. I also know that one should never suggest that majority rule is okay. Confucians believe that this technique of decision-making leaves too many people feeling like losers. Everybody must accept an idea before it becomes final. It is courteous to go along with the group decisions. I would definitely benefit from my knowledge of the Confucian belief in the importance of respect and honor during negotiations. Confucianism is based on the belief that everyone should strive towards princely ideals. People should be unselfish, have deference towards others, be courteous, diligent, kind, loyal, and understand their place in society. Part ...

Heres a Format to Use for Your Law School Resume

Heres a Format to Use for Your Law School Resume Your  law school resume  can be one of the most important parts of your application and you probably already know it shouldn’t follow the same format as a general resume for employment. You want to give the admissions council the best summary of your most important work, experiences, and skills.   Below youll find a general template for you to follow when writing your law school resume, but remember, before you start writing, you should always ask yourself some  basic information-gathering questions  so you’re all set up to just fill in these categories. Consult your pre-law advisor and your college’s career services center if you have any questions and make sure several people review your resume. Also, feel free to play around with the titles of categories as well as the order; if something doesn’t make sense to include in your resume, or if you feel something else should be highlighted in a different way, don’t be afraid to make your law school resume fit your qualifications after all, it is yours and should put your achievements in the best possible light. For example, if you speak ten languages, you should think about having a whole section simply called â€Å"Languages† to make that stand out. If you’ve consistently held leadership roles in organizations, you may choose to create a category entitled â€Å"Leadership.† Main Categories of Law School Resumes Education List the college institution, location (city and state), degree or certificate earned including areas of study, and the year you earned it. If you didn’t earn a degree or certificate, list the dates of attendance. You should also include study abroad experiences here. You may also list your GPA and GPA in your major for each institution attended (especially if higher than your overall GPA); you can also include your class rank, but only if it will look impressive (anything lower than top 30% probably doesn’t need to be included). Honors Awards List any honors and awards you have achieved and what year you earned them. Don’t list high school or high school achievements unless they’re extraordinary like you were in the Olympics and if you were in the Olympics, you might consider having a whole other section just on your athletic career as you probably have received other related awards as well. Employment, Work Experience, or Experience List your position, the name of the employer, location (city and state), and the dates you were employed there. If it was a part-time position during school, list the number of hours you worked per week, but not if it was only two or three. Also list your job duties under each one, making sure to note any recognition or special achievements (for example, increased sales by 30% in your first year as a section manager, etc.). Quantifying your work for each organization, if possible, makes it easier for admissions to see how and what you contributed. Always start your job descriptions with strong action words (directed, lead, mentored, organized, etc.) to convey purpose and direction. Skills, Achievements Other Activities In this section, you can list foreign languages, membership in other organizations, and basically anything else you’d like to highlight in your experiences that haven’t yet made it onto your law school resume. Some applicants use this section to list their technical proficiencies including any computer programs they have experience with. This is one of the sections you may consider renaming according to your personal experiences.

Drucker's Management Style in Industry Application Assignment

Drucker's Management Style in Industry Application - Assignment Example This means that managing without a goal can never guarantee the achievement of results. Managers are therefore admonished to at every point in time, set specific, time-bound and measurable goals that are realistic to achieve. Organises – Because managers work with different people with different talents, they must be on top of the distribution of roles to different people (Thompson and McHugh, 2009). This is what organisation is all about. Motivates and communicates – In the delivery of their duties, motivating subordinates will always ensure that managers spark up an inner will for performance to take place (Arnold, J. et al, 2005). Communication will also ensure that there is adequate understanding of policies and workplace ideas. Measures – There should be yardsticks that should measure the achievement of goals set by managers. It is only when there is a measure that can be evaluation of achievements and failures. Develop people – Though managers will a lways have a task to perform, the major task should be seen as the development of people through distribution of right roles (Bailey, 1983). This is because it is only when people are developed that tasks becomes competed because tasks are always completed by the people. 1.12 Drucker’s Management by Objective framework In order that managers will not at any point in time be too focused on their tasks and forget the actual underlying objectives for which the tasks are being performed, Drucker (1989) came out with the framework of managing by objectives, which came to be known as MBO. The major emphasis that the framework draws is that goal setting is always an important aspect of management. Goal setting is important to management implementation because it sets the tone for the kind of planning that needs to be done and the levels of inputs needed to achieve the set goals (Clegg, Hardy & Nord, 1996). As part of the framework, the need to make team work an important focus of su ccess is treated. This is because managers indeed cannot know what each member on the team is doing but once clear objectives are assigned to each member, managers can be assured that members on the team will work around their objectives to bring about the achievement of set goals (Drucker, 1989). 1.2 Advantages of Drucker’s method to the Fashion Industry The management models, put forth by Drucker, more importantly the five point operation in management has several advantages when applied in the modern day fashion industry. Using Adidas, which is a German multinational corporation as an example, there are a number of ways that the management of the company can be said to have benefited from the application of the five point operation management proposed by Drucker (1989). In this regard, Mr. Herbert Hainer, who is the chairman of Adidas, can be used as a model and example. As far as the setting of objectives is concerned, Adidas is one company that has been praised by analys ts and experts in the management literature as having specific objectives for each day of the company’s existence (Scott, 2013). This is because in line with what Drucker proposes; Mr. Hainer ensures that the company does not only operate on long term goals but on short to medium term objectives that are always crafted around various departments and

Fiedler and Garcias Cognitive Resource Theory Essay

Fiedler and Garcia - Essay Example The theory predicts that uncertainty and stress are the two factors, which worry a leader. Fiedler connects this to his Least Preferred Co-worker Theory (LPC theory) where a high LPC leader will be more likely to give high scores to the people he has worked with earlier while a low LPC leader will be more inclined to assign low scores for the same. When the control of a leader over a situation and his LPC score are in tune with each other, good performance of leadership will result. Again, when a low LPC score leader is in a situation of moderate control and high LPC leaders are in situations of high control or low control, the LPC and situational control are not in line with each other. The transition from his â€Å"in match† condition to the not â€Å"in match† condition will bring about stress and worries in the leader owing to a â€Å"perceived inability to deal with situations of this nature† (Miner, 2005, p.250). When a particular circumstance causes anxiety in the leader he tries to gain confidence from his â€Å"previous successful reinforced behavioral patterns†. On one hand, the effective level finds this behavior has dealt with earlier cases of dealing with interpersonal issues while on the other hand, the cognitive level finds that such behaviors show what one learned from experience. The efficacy of the behavior of the leader is conditioned by the matching of the situations’ demands and the leader’s response to the same. Thus the model works under two assumptions. First, managers let their subordinates know their plans via directive behavior and second, leaders with greater experience and smartness have better decision-making ability than the ones who are less intelligent or experienced. Hence, one may say that when a leader is under stressful conditions, intelligence does not function efficiently or with full effect and even might have a negative impact. A leader should search for previous experience under similar situations from where he might derive some strength and decision making power. Again under a high-stress scenario, the intelligence is often damaged, but experience might help the leader respond well to the situation. Again when the task is simple then the leaders’ effectiveness does not matter because even the subordinate will be able to handle it. (Cognitive Resource Theory n.d.) Therefore when the situation is stressful a leader with greater experience will be more reliable to handle it. When a leader has the lesser level of experience he should undertake relatively stress-free assignments and the level of stress should be gradually increased with experience.            

Scott Electronics plcs Essay Example for Free

Scott Electronics plcs Essay To what extent do you think that Scott Electronics plc’s current human resources strategy is effective? (18) Human resource strategy is how a business sees its employees from different business point of view and they are seen as resources to complete the business objectives. Firstly the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is very effective because the firm’s labour productivity is very high with 105 compared to the industry average which is 100. This is very effective as it shows the level of recruitment and the staff the business is recruiting is doing very well which has a positive effect in the recruitment section therefore this will make the company recruit more staff which will increase the productivity of the business. Also the bonuses which is 40% and its 20% higher than the industry average, this shows that the bonuses are keeping the firms employees motivated and it drives them to work harder which mean there will be a increase in productivity and if productivity increases it will have a positive effect on the sales revenue as the company will sell more items which will increase the sales revue and profit. Also another reason why the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is very effective because it has a very unique centralised organisational structure. A centralised structure is where the entire decision making is done from the top of the hierarchy. This is an effective strategy because the entire decision making can be done from the main person who is in charge and it can be done very quickly without going through any difficulties. This is very effective because staff can work through the business objective rather than stressing on the extra responsibility they have on their shoulders which will make them stress free and become more productive. Also they can be told what to do and the managers will have control over their workforce so that employees are less likely to make mistakes or make wrong decisions which will make a negative impact the on the businesses performance. However the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because high numbers of employees are on temporary contract which is 75% compared to the industry average which is 25%. This is bad for the business because it will make employees feel that the job security is not there and they are not guaranteed the job which the business can tell the employees that they are not in need and the employees will go away, therefore this might result in the employees not very motivated to do well and they might not think as if they are involved with the business. Also employees on temporary contract are more likely to leave the business as the labour turnover rate is at 10% which is higher than the industry average which is 6%. This is human resource strategy is ineffective because it lead to employees leaving the business every year and the business is losing experienced and valuable staff. Also another reason the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because the training budget is below the industry average as Scott electronics training cost is ? 500 compared to the industries average which is ? 1000. This shows that the staff are not that well trained and most of the staff don’t know what they are doing sometimes or they might not know how the company operates as high level of training was not provided. This lead to the amount of defect products increased as the staffs were not well trained and they kept making mistakes therefore the numbers of defects products increased. This is one of my strongest reasons because staffs need to be well trained before they can start the job as they will know what they are doing and how they are going to carry out each task according the company structures of dealing with things. Therefore the staff need to be well trained and the business needs to increase its amount on training the staff which will allow the business to have staff that know what they are doing and make less mistakes as this will cause the staff to make less defect products. In conclusion I think that the human resources strategy is very effect to the business because average span of control for Scott’s electronic is 5 and industry average is 8. This has a greater advantage to the specific business because it will allow the business mangers to control their staff and monitor the progress which the manager can set targets and the targets can be analysed to see if they have reached the targets this will increase the productivity of the business as targets are reached and mangers have better control over their staff and the business. However I think that the current human resource strategy is not that effective to the business because the firm’s defected products are 10% and the industry average is 5% which is doubled the amount. Therefore you can tell that the strategy is not that effective as the staffs are making a lot of mistakes which will cost the business as the raw materials cost money to buy. Also this indicates that strategy is failing as staff are not well trained or may not experienced enough to work in the field which the bale goes the firms recruitment policy as the firm could have employed experienced staff which could have reduced the level of defected products.

Essay --

Book Review: The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls The Glass Castle, written by Jeannette Walls, it’s her memoir. I found myself unable to put down the book once I started reading it. It’s a combination of the family finding happiness and wondering if anything is ever going to get better for them. I was surprised to discover this was her life as a child. This story is set in Jeannette’s point of view from what she had to deal with through her childhood. When the book opens, it starts off with Jeannette seeing her mother digging in the trash, then does a flash back to when she is 3 and talks about her life from then on out. They live like nomads, moving along Southwest desert towns, camping in the mountains. They grew up with parents whose ideals and stubborn nonconformity were both their curse and their salvation. One time when they were driving Jeannette fell out of the car. The crazy thing was no one noticed for about an hour. She sat on the side of the road just waiting for them to return. â€Å"I rolled several yards along the embankment, and when I came to a stop, I was too shocked t...

Assesing Company’s finance Essay

SALES GROWTH †¨During the four-year period ended December 31, 2008, SciTronics’ sales grew at a 20.69 % ($244,000/$115,000) = (1+r) ^4 compound rate. There were no acquisition or divestitures.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨PROFITABILITY RATIO: How Profitable is the Company? 1. SciTronics’ profit as a percentage of sales in 2008 was 5.73% (14000/244000) 2. This represented an increase from 3.4% (5000/147000) in 2005. 3. SciTronics had a total of $112, 000 (75,000+20,000+7,000+10,000) of capital at year-end 2008 and earned before interest but after taxes (EBIAT) $16,000 (26,000-10,000) in 2008. Its return on capital was 14.29% (16,000/112,000) which represents an increase from the 8.11% (6,000/74,000) earned in 2005. †¨ 4. SciTronics had $75,000 of owner’s equity and earned $14,000 after taxes in 2008. Its return on equity was 18.66% ($75,000/$14,000), which represents an improvement from the 8.19% ($5,000/$61,000) earned in 2005. ACTIVITY RATIO: How Well Does the Company Employs Its Assets? 1. Total Assets turnover for SciTronics in 2008 can be calculated by dividing $244,000 (net sales) into $159,000 (total assets). The turnover deteriorated from 1.58 times in 2005 to 1.53 in 2008. 2. SciTronics had $66,000 in accounts receivables at year end 2008. Its average sales per day were $668.49 ($244,000/365) during 2008 and its average collection period was 98.73 days. ($66,000/668.49). This represents an improvement from the average collection period of104.29 ($42,000/402.73) days in 2005. 3. SciTronics apparently needed $29,000 of inventory at year-end 2008 to support its operations during 2008. Its activity during 2008 as measured by the cost of goods sold was $74,000. (COGS). It therefore had an inventory of turnover of 2.55 (74,000/29,000) times. This represents an improvement from  2.04 (43,000/21,000) times in 2005. 4. SciTronics had net fix assets of $18,000 (net fix assets) and sales of $244,000 in 2008. Its fixed asset turnover ratio in 2008 was 13.56 (244,000/18,000), a deterioration from 16.33 (147,000/9,000) in 2005. LEVERAGE RATIOS: How Soundly Is the Company Financed? 1. SciTronics’ ratio of total assets divided by owners’ equity increased from 1.52 (93,000/61,000) at year end 2005 to 2.12 (159,000/75,000) at year-end 2008. 2. At year-end 2008, SciTronics’ total liabilities were of its total assets was 52.83% (48,000+7000+20000+9000/159000), which compares with 34.4% (21,000+11,000)/93,000). 3. The market value of SciTronics equity was $175,000,000 at December 31, 2008. The total debt ratio at market was 32.4% (84,000/84,000+175,000). 4. SciTronic’s earnings before interest and taxes (operating income) were $26,000 in 2008 and its interest charge were $2,000. Its times interest earned were 13 times. This represents an improvement from the 2005 level of 10 times. 5. SciTronics owed its supplies $6,000 at year end 2008. This represents 8.1%(6,000/74,000) of cost of goods sold and was a decrease from 11.63% (5,000/43,000) at year end 2005. The company appears to be more prompt in paying its suppliers in 2008 than it was in 2005. 6. The financial riskiness of SciTronics decreased between 2005 and 2008. LIQUIDITY RATIOS: How Liquid Is the Company? 1. SciTronics held $133,000 of current assets at year-end 2008 and owed $48,000 to creditors due to be paid within one year. Its current ratio was 2.77 ( 133000/48000 ), a decrease from the ratio of 3.90 (82000/21000) at year-end 2005. 2. The quick ratio for SciTronics at year end 2008 was 2.16 (133,000-29,000)/48,000), a decrease from the ratio of 2.90 (82,000-21,000/21,000) at year-end 2005.

Lake Dillon Snake River Swan River Environmental Sciences Essay

The fishing acme county has its ain regulations and ordinances like many lakes amd streams many lakes and watercourses are merely to be fished with enticements and flies and they have to be released after catching.In many Waterss you have to used barbless hooks merely because maulerss can be harmful for some fish so to protect them there are certain regulations and regulations.You can obtain the fishing ordinances at any shops and purchase accredited fishing licenses.So before traveling out to angling you must be knowing about the regulations and ordinances. Property There are besides certain regulations on the Colorado H2O rights. Many of the fishing Waterss are ; located in private areas.Firstly you have to obtain information and take permission and so travel for fishing. C. ALTITUDE: All of Summit Co, and much of the bordering county lands are at ALTITUDE. Base lifts for fishing in Summit Co are between 8,000-10,000 foots above sea degree and some high alpine lakes are above lumber line at 11,500+ pess. When fishing, even in the summer months, you must be prepared for high height and take the appropriate safeguards. SOME TIPS: You have to larn some trips before traveling out to angling. Some basic trips are 1. Sun block: You can utilize Sun blocks to protect your tegument apply lotions on your tegument every 2 hours.you can besides use Sun blocks even on cloudy 2. Hats/Sunglasses: You can have on chapeaus and dark glassess to protect yourself from the sun.you can have on them on cloudy ambiances only.They besides protect your eyes from Sun and besides from uv which is reflected from H2O. 3. Back Battalions: This is the most indispensable step.You must take back battalion which includes the first assistance kits the warm jacket map compass to see way a whistle rain suit a brace of baseball mitts a cellular phone some Waterss and power drinks.Keep wont of imbibing tonss of H2O as the possibility of desiccation additions at these altitudes.on warm and cheery days. , The conditions alterations rapidly in these altitudes.There is besides a possibility of storms to come so you have to be ready for every situation.. An of import regulation to follow when boosting at altitude include: 1. Buddy up. 2. Leave word at your hotel, or a map with waies in your auto, as to where you are traveling and when you expect to be back, and check-out one time you return. USE OUR LOCAL GUIDES, THEY ARE BACK COUNTRY PROS, and its a modest disbursal for merriment and safety. D. WILDLIFE: Please keep the regulations as you have to cognize that you are angling in some others country so ever be good.You may see some wild animate beings in that countries so avoid them and make n't travel near to them and do n't seek to make snaping in these countries. BE SAFE AND RESPECT ALL WILDLIFE! E. HIGH ALTITUDE SICKNESS: The job of high height illness may originate on high height countries like sickness, breath job hapless slumber thirst etc these symptoms occurs due to the activity you making and because of height proble.so maintain a wont of imbibing tonss of H2O usage Sun protection F. THE WEATHER: The conditions in Summit County. , is cool and clear in forenoons, cloudy at mid-day and at late afternoon or eventide there is electrical storm. REMEMBER, when you are angling in high alpine countries the mountain ranges may run between 12,000-14,000 pess in height and you merely can non see these storms nearing, hence you need to be prepared. SOME TIPS: Here are some tips for you before be aftering the trip. 1.Always carry the dorsum battalion which contains rain cogwheel and warm jacket. Do n't bury to look into the conditions before go forthing. If possible take shelter with you. Take a proper usher with you. Blue River. The bluish river is one of the most beautiful rivers of Colorado its location starts from bluish mountain lake to the brekenridge blue mountains.the lake lies between 14000 pes in the territory The â€Å" Blue † is one of Colorado ‘s most beautiful Gold Medal fly Waterss. Its beginning is Blue Mountain Lake on Hoosier Pass, South of Breckenridge. Blue Mtn. lake prevarications between 14,000 pes Quandary Peak and North Star Mountain, in the celebrated Monte Cristo mine territory. This excavation country is the rhodocrhosite capitol of the existence and the place of the â€Å" Alma King † on show and the Natural History Museum in Denver. The best fishing you can make in the blue river is from the Dillon dam north lake downstream to the Colorado in the kremling.The best fishing is from the Lake Dillon dam north, downstream to the Colorado River in Kremling. Entree: Exit I-70 at the Dillon/Silverthorne issue. You will see the Dillon Dam to the E. You are now on Colorado Hwy 9 which travels north to the town of Kremling following the way of the Blue for much of the manner. Much of the river entree is on private spread land, nevertheless the 10 stat mis between Silverthorne and GMR in Heeney have ample public entree and parking are provided in the State Wildlife Areas ( SWAs ) located all along this stretch of the river. Read and obey all ordinances posted on these marks. Regulation: You can merely utilize flies and enticements on the full river. Lone gimmick and release in the town of Silverthorne. Most portion of the river is unfastened . Specials: Major species caught in the Blue include: German Brown trout, Brook trout, Rainbow trout, Colorado Cutthroat trout, and Kokanee salmon from GMR which run the Blue in the autumn to engender. Consult the listed fly stores for the day-to-day hatch forms. 2. THE WILLIAMS FORK Location: While we see a batch of most calm rivers near the acme county the William fork is the most calm and beautiful and besides favorable for fly fishing.The river originates from the North to the south.The north terminal of the canon it forms William fork reserviour which is first-class for fly fishing. Entree: To travel to the William fork river go to the main road figure 9 North from to Silverthorne and about 8 stat mis to the base on balls road.the go east.Do non halt in between and you will see the most dramatic positions of the nature. Regulation: In William fork river merely flies and lures merely. After catching the fishes you have to let go of them. Most portion of the river is unfastened for fishing. Specials: This is chiefly a native Brook and Rainbow trout watercourse but may be stocked. Fish are typically 8-12 inches and male child hellos do they contend. This is a nice, little tail H2O which is no more than a few pess deep with a bouldery underside. There are several beaver pools along the flow and they can acquire deep, so hold a attention. 3. LAKE DILLON: Location: Lake Dillon river is an mixture of bluish and snake rivers and the 10 stat mi brook which is met at the Dillon.By nearing Dillon/Silverthorne on the Colorado main road you will see the Dillon dam.By go throughing through the main road you will see the most calm view.The whole lake country is from north to south 7 stat mis long.There is astonishing air current blowing over the river fisherman and crewmans are attracted by these pecularities. Entree: You can make here by first go outing the Dillon and going E on coloroda main road no 6 to Dillon.You can either travel by boat Exit I-70 at Dillon going east on Colo. 6 to the town of Dillon. Access to the lake by boat at either the Dillon town marina or the marina in Frisco. There is public entree to the lake around its full length. There is NO fishing from the dike. There is float tube entree to the Blue river recess at the Breckenridge H2O intervention works on Swan Mtn. route merely off of Colorado 9 as you travel south on CO 9 to the town of Breckenridge. The lake may be fished either from boat or from the shore. Boat leases and public boat launches are available at both marinas. Private boat docking infinite is available on a impermanent footing. Regulation: While the lake is unfastened twelvemonth unit of ammunition to fishing, except the Blue R. above the lake which is closed 1 Oct to 1 Feb, the lake freezes solid in the winter ( Dec-June ) . Consult Colorado current ordinances for size and bounds. Consult current ordinances in respect to tease usage, flies and unreal enticements ; â€Å" some † come-ons are permitted. Specials: Speciess of fish found in the lake include German Brown trout which may go rather big and are caught chiefly on downriggers, rainbow trout, creek trout, cutthroat trout and kokanee salmon in the 2-5 pound scope. There is good trolling with spoons, exhibitionists and downriggers in the early spring, and good trolling with spoons and Phoxinus phoxinus imitations twelvemonth unit of ammunition near the shores and bead offs. In the eventides twelvemonth unit of ammunition there is good fly fishing at the three river recesss into the lake, either from boat or from shore. DICK ‘S Choice: The NF CG at Giberson Bay is outstanding, but call for a reserve as some folks come and camp all summer long. There is a province CG on the east side of the lake at the old Lowry AFB belongings, and first-class local adjustments in Frisco, Dillon and at the Keystone Resort. Side angling trips may be taken to the Snake river between Keystone Resort and Lake Dillon but there are no fish upstream of Keystone as yet, because of mine run off. There is good fishing on the Ten Mile brook from Frisco to Copper Mtn, but there are no fish upstream from Copper Mtn. , due to mine run off. The oral cavity of the Blue is a favourite local float tubing topographic point ( closed 1 Oct to 1 Feb ) . COLORADO RIVER, UPPER Section: MAP 5: Location: The Colorado upper subdivision is between the granby and kremling is most celebrated for fishing.The river is really wide and deeply shallowed The upper subdivision of the Colorado between Granby and Kremling is one of our most celebrated tail Waterss. The river is wide and shallow with a stone underside and dependable hatches. The beginning of the Colorado is in RMNP where the river flows south into Lake Granby and Grand Lake, so west to Kremling through Byer ‘s canon. Towns along its path include Hot Sulfur Springs, Parshall and Kremling. U.S. 40 analogues the river for this subdivision. The river flows chiefly through private spread land. Due to the graciousness of our ranchers, the river may be accessed via SWAs along its class. Entree: From Denver take I-70 west to U.S. 40, Berthod Pass to Granby, so west to Kremling. From Summit Co. take Colorado 9 North to Kremling, so east on U.S. 40 to Granby. The river may be accessed along its path via SWAs. My favourite SWAs are the Kemp and Breeze SWAs, West of Parshall, and the Lone Buck and Paul Gilbert SWAs, West of Byer ‘s canon. Please pay attending to all posted marks sing entree, do non intrude. Regulation: This subdivision of the Colorado is unfastened most of the twelvemonth but consult Colorado Regulations for the clip of twelvemonth you plan to angle. Artificial flies and lures merely. Catch and release merely. Specials: This may be some of the best Gold Medal trout H2O in the province and one of my favourite countries. It tends to hold few fishermen in the early to late eventide, but can acquire crowded on extremum vacations. If crowded, hit one of the side trips. This is a authoritative western fly watercourse with good hatches of midges, tricos and caddis. DICK ‘S Choice: Elk hair caddis Red quill Trico Yellow Sally Midge There are CGs at Lone Buck SWA, in Hot Sulfur Springs, at Grand Lake and in the Winter Park diversion country of Grand Co. Adjustments may be found in Kremling, Granby, Grand Lake and at RMNP. If it gets crowded side trips may be taken to the North Fork of the Colorado in RMNP ( see next ) , Willow Creek, Troublesome Creek or the Williams Fork. 5. NORTH FORK OF THE COLORADO: MAP 6: Location: The NF of the Colorado is the river ‘s chief tributary fluxing south out of RMNP to organize the Colorado River. I guess that everyone has a favourite watercourse or two in their lives and this is one of mine. The river at this point is about 5 stat mis long and located chiefly within RMNP with public entree along its full length. It meanders through one of the most beautiful vales of tall grass and pine wood, bounded on the E by the Continental divide and on the West by the Never Summer Mountain scope. Entree: The river is unfastened to the populace over its full length within RMNP. Take U.S. 40 to Colorado Hwy 34 to RMNP West Entrance going north. Regulation: Although you are angling wholly within RMNP, Colorado province fishing ordinances apply. But, halt in at the West Entrance HQ and look into with the park Texas Rangers refering federal fishing ordinances, size and bound limitations. Park in public entree countries merely. Artificial flies and lures merely. Catch and release merely. Specials: This is a authoritative high mountain brook with rocky/sandy underside, tail Waterss, beaver pools and deep pools and undercut Bankss. Once you fish it you will woolgather about it the remainder of your life. In the autumn you can stand at that place angling and hear the moose bugling in the wood. Speciess of fish include Brook trout and Rainbow trout which battle like the devils and in the fall German Browns run upriver out of Grand Lake to engender. Fish are typically 8-12 inches but the Gr. Browns can run to 4-5 pound. There is bivouacing throughout RMNP but call for reserves. Adjustments may be found in Granby and Grand Lake and in the Winter Park diversion country. Peak vacations may be crowded near the route but if you walk off from the route you may be the lone individual fishing. Remember that this is a natural wildlife country and be cognizant of the presence of moose, cervid and elk. In the autumn this vale is an elk migration path and you may non angle or intrude on the western side of the river. 6. THE EAGLE RIVER: MAP 7: Location: The bird of Jove river is one of the most calm and beautiful river fluxing through the mountain countries. The beginning of the river is on the Tennessee and the Fremont. The river is fluxing from north so turns west to fall in the Colorado river which is in dotsero. Entree: First travel toI-70 West to the vail so travel 5 stat mis to mintrun so south towards Leadville and the Tennessee base on balls to Colorado main road no 24. I prefer the upper subdivision from Minturn through Camp Hale, place of the tenth Mountain Division as it is less crowded. I find exceeding fishing in the Hornsilver CG country before Homestake brook. Regulation: The Eagle is unfastened twelvemonth unit of ammunition in all public countries with day-to-day bounds of 2 trout. Check current ordinances for size and bounds. At Minturn there is entree to the Gold Medal Waterss on Gore brook which flows through downtown Vail. Catch and release merely. Artificial flies and enticement merely Specials: Float trips on the Minturn to Dotsero subdivision of the Eagle are really popular. You can merely entree the upper Eagle above the Gilman mine site up to Camp Hale or below the mine back to Minturn. Excellent nymphing may be found in the Waterss fluxing from from beaver pools. Speciess found include Rainbow trout, Brook trout, German Brown trout and Cutthroats in the higher feeder brooks. There are great CGs at Hornsilver and Camp Hale and wilderness encampment in the Holy Cross. Four star dining and adjustments may be found in Vail/Beaver Creek. Side angling trips may be made to the Lower subdivision of the Colorado River which runs North from Dotsero up to Kremling, the Gold Medal Waterss of Gore Creek, and to the Arkansas River, Twin Lakes and Turquoise Lakes countries near Leadville. 7. THE UPPER ARKANSAS RIVER: MAP 8: Location: The Arkansas river Limits starts from the on Fremont Pass at the Climax mine North of Leadville and it flows to Colorado main road 91.It is a little topographic point with pools and trouts.The fishing is hard here but it contains tonss of fish. Entree: First exit the I-70 at the Cu mountain on the Colorado main road 91 after go outing past the mine at Fremont base on balls so after this you cross the Arkansas and it leads you to Leadville.after this you are in the san Isabel and can entree the watercourse along the class. Regulation: There are certain ordinances for angling in these country First it is unfastened for angling the twelvemonth unit of ammunition and in winter it is covered with 20-30 pess of snow.The river is unfastened for angling in June. The policy of gimmick and release fish. Merely flies and enticements are used. Specials: This portion of river includes the species of fishes such as the trout, rainbow trout, cutthroat trout in some 10 inch scope So it is a delicious topographic point to bask with childs and household. To make fishing in Colorado the people between ages of 16 to 64 are required to hold a valid licence of angling so as to take portion in the sporting season.People below 16 are non allowed to given licence to take portion in the fish sporting.But people above 64 can take portion by publishing a life-time fishing licence to widen their fishing report.There are different types of licences in Colorado for their occupants and non occupants There are two types of fishing licences for the occupants of Colorado people.They can take one from them.The two types are resident Colorado one-year fishing licence and the other one is resident Colorado 1 twenty-four hours angling license.So people between the ages og 16 to 64 can take any one of the above and the people who purchase one program are given Colorado wildlife home ground cast which allows them to travel to any lands or wildlife countries. For the people above 64 Colorado gives particular offers such as a low income fishing licence.also Colorado offers different strategies for retired or active members of us army or people from infirmaries occupants from mental wellness institute Colorado besides offers a low-income fishing licence for anglers who are over the age of 64 and a handicapped fishing licence. Certain Colorado occupants besides qualify for free fishing licences. These are members of the U.S. Armed Forces who are either active or retired, resident patients of a Colorado U.S. Armed Forces Hospital or Convalescent Facility or a VA Hospital, occupants of a Colorado State Mental Health Institute or Mental Institution, any Colorado angler who receives Social Security Disability Benefits that can turn out their disablement with proper certification and any handicapped Colorado veterans with cogent evidence of a disablement with a missive from the VA. Colorado besides offeres license to people who are non occupants of Colorado.they offers different strategies for them such as they can choose non resident 1 twenty-four hours licence or a 5 twenty-four hours fishing licence and besides non resident one-year fishinf licence, Non-residents of Colorado have a determination to do every bit good. They can take from a Colorado Non-resident 1-Day Fishing License, a Colorado Non-resident 5-Day Fishing License and a Colorado Non-resident Annual Fishing License. These non-resident anglers can besides buy a Second Rod Stamp and must buy a Colorado Wildlife Habitat Stamp. Peoples nboth occupants and non occupants can bask angling lawfully by buying a valid fishing licence by taking oppurtunities and should transport their fishing license.the licence issued will valid from 1st January to dec 31st of each twelvemonth and can be brought online besides from the site wildlife.state.co.us or can besides be obtained from telephone 800-244-5613 with the recognition card or offices located at Colorado wildlife province. Paying the monetary value for the appropriate fishing licence is ever better than paying a all right if the angler gets caught.FISHING IN COLORADO There are many types of fishing you can make in Colorado They include freshwater fishing seawater angling fly fishing Fresh water Fishing The term Freshwater fishing means angling in Waterss that contains fresh H2O, with lower limit or no salt content. Freshwater fishing is one of the most various fishing in which there are assorted species of fishes and different ways to angle. Records says that About 40 per centum of all fish are of freshwater species. The most common types of fresh water species are Common fresh water species are bass, trout, salmon, , musky, crappie, catfish, and so many others. Freshwater fishing can be done in different ways such as from rivers and watercourses from span etcthe different types of techniques are to utilize gear enticements and come-ons and it depends on the type of fish you are looking for I Where to angle Pond and lake fishing. Stream and river fishing. What ‘s the difference? Water is H2O, and fish are fish, right? Yes. But from at that place, it gets a spot more involved. Each type of fresh water fishing presents its ain set of challenges, whether it ‘s still H2O ( lakes and pools ) or traveling H2O ( rivers and watercourses ) . Each environment has its ain ecosystem and construction. These fishing maulerss are going more popular with catch-and-release anglers. They are designed to ensue in less harm by hooking the fish in the lip or the corner of the jaw. This makes it easier to unhook and let go of the fish. With a circle hook, it ‘s of import to allow the fish take the come-on and turn away before puting the hook. Choose the right size hook to let room for the come-on and the fish lip. And do certain the hook is exposed and non buried in the come-on. Typical Fly Fishing Hook Shapes and Names Typical fly angling hook forms include Sproat, Sneck, Limerick, Kendal, Viking, Captain Hamilton, Barleet, Swimming Nymph, Bend Back Model Perfect, Keel and Kink-shank. There are two basic types of fly maulerss. Dry and moisture. Fly maulerss are besides named for insects they simulate ( nymph, swimming nymph, scub, pupa, dayfly ) or by traditional forms ( Sproat, Sneck, Limerick, Kendal, Viking, Captain Hamilton, Barleet, Bend Back, Model Perfect, Keel, Kink-shank. ) . Travel to the Fly Fishing subdivision for more information on fly fishing cogwheel. Ice Fishing Ice Fishing Ice fishing is a another alone manner of catching fishes the 3 pes rods are used for fishing and simple reels are used for line.Tou can frost fish besides with the aid of a tip up.using the tip cogwheel when the fish hits your tip cogwheel And thanks to promotions in garment design, portable fish houses and fish placement devices, it ‘s going more and more popular. One- You can besides frost fish with a tip-up. When a fish hits your tip-up cogwheel, it releases a lever that raises a flag or peal a bell. This means you should halt playing cards with your brothers and get down reeling. Ice Fishing Basicss: Puting Up Traditional Ice Fishing Tip Up Courtesy of ExpertVillage.com Many fisherman fish with no protective construction other than winter vesture. Longer angling expeditions can be mounted with simple constructions. Larger, heated constructions can do multiday angling trips possible, but these are frequently eschewed by seasoned fishers, many of whom do non utilize these larger shelters. In other words, they think they are wimpish. For those who are game for a cozier experience, a construction with assorted local names, but frequently called an ice hovel, ice hovel ( or merely â€Å" hovel † ) , fish house, British shilling house, or ice hut, is sometimes used. These are dragged or trailered onto the lake utilizing a vehicle such as a snowmobile, ATV or truck. The two most normally used houses are portable and lasting shelters. The portable houses are normally made of a heavy, watertight stuff. The lasting shelters are made of wood or metal and normally have wheels for easy transit. They can be every bit basic as a bunk, warmer and holes or every bit luxuriant as holding satellite Television, bathrooms, ranges, and life-size beds, and may look to be more like a nomadic place than a fishing house. To get down wing fishing you need a fly rod, a line and some unreal flies. The thought is to catch fish by acquiring them to seize with teeth on an imitation of a bug or baitfish on, or merely below, the H2O. Fliess are made utilizing yarn, wire, beads, plumes, narration and hair, and are created to look like insects and baitfish at assorted phases of adulthood to pull trout, salmon, panfish and carp, every bit good as marine species such as Tarpon atlanticus, bonefish and stripy bass. Most people think of fly fishing as a athletics best enjoyed in mountain watercourses with gimmicks of trout and salmon. Though these types of Waterss are great topographic points to wing fish, you can besides bask astonishing fly fishing in the warm Waterss of pools and lakes, and in salt H2O – and catch a wide array of fish. There ‘s likely a organic structure of H2O you can utilize for fly fishing non excessively far from where you live. Dry flies: float on the H2O ‘s surface and copy a broad scope of nutrients, including grownup dayflies, caddisflies, midges, grasshoppers, crickets and emmets. Sing a trout, bass or panfish take a dry fly drifting on the H2O ‘s surface is one of the greatest sights in fly fishing. Nymphs ( sometimes called â€Å" wet flies † ) : stand for the immature life phases of insects such as dayflies and caddisflies, and are fished below the H2O ‘s surface. Some particular nymphs, called emergers, imitate the emerging grownup insect and are fished merely below or in the H2O ‘s surface movie. Streamers: represent Phoxinus phoxinuss, bloodsuckers and other swimming nutrient points that provide repasts for bass, trout, panfish and saltwater fish such as Tarpon atlanticus, redfish, bonefish and stripy bass. Streamers are known for their ability to take the largest fish in watercourses, pools, lakes and seawater. Certain aquatic insects make up the major part of a fish diet. The four chief insect orders that emerge from our watercourses and lakes ( in order of importance ) are dayflies ( Ephemeroptera ) , caddisflies ( Trichoptera ) , midges ( Diptera ) and stone flies ( Plecoptera ) . To be an effectual hatch-matcher you must be able to rapidly distinguish between grownup dayflies, caddisflies, midges, stone flies and all the immature phases of each. Many hatches and most spinster falls do non last really long, so you do n't hold clip to seek four or five forms. Alternatively, you ‘ll necessitate to take the right fly at the right clip ; merely so will you be able to hook your portion of fish. It ‘s easier than you think. Just retrieve to fit the hatch. Conservation Saltwater fishing is every bit much about the escapade as it is about the fish. Many of the athletics fish species can be large and average, and the H2O can be large and bad. From shallow seawater flats to deep-ocean fishing, seawater anglers chase everything from delicacy speckled trout to massive bluish marlin in some of the most intense and inspirational milieus on Earth. Saltwater fishing can be every bit simple or every bit complex as you wish. Novices can get down fishing from the beach with basic tackle and a smattering of seawater rigs, while overachievers can pass eternal clip and energy on hi-tech cogwheel and high-octane fishing boats. Whether you live along the 10,000 stat mis of U.S. coastline or are sing the ocean for the weekend, there are plentifulness of chances to wet a line. And plentifulness of fish in the sea.

Current System of US Presidential Succession

Current System of US Presidential Succession The presidential line succession refers to the manner in which various federal government officials assume the office of President of the United States leaves office before an elected successor is inaugurated. Should the president die, resign or be removed from office by impeachment, the Vice President of the United States becomes president for the rest of the former president’s term. Should the vice president be unable to serve, the next official in the line of succession acts as president. The US Congress has wrestled with the issue of presidential succession throughout the nations history. Why? Well, between 1901 and 1974, five vice presidents have taken over the top office due to four presidential deaths and one resignation. In fact, between the years 1841 to 1975, more than one-third of all U.S. presidents have either died in office, resigned, or become disabled. Seven vice presidents have died in office and two have resigned resulting in a total of 37 years during which the office of vice president was completely vacant. ThePresidential SuccessionSystem Our current method of presidential succession takes its authority from: The 20th Amendment (Article II, Section 1, Clause 6)The 25th AmendmentThe Presidential Succession Law of 1947 President and Vice President The 20th and 25th Amendments establish procedures and requirements for the vice president to assume the duties and powers of the president if the president becomes permanently or temporarily disabled.In the event of the presidents temporary disability, the vice president serves as president until the president recovers. The president may declare the beginning and end of his or her own disability. But, if the president is unable to communicate, the vice president and a majority of the presidents Cabinet, or ...other body as Congress may by law provide... may determine the presidents state of disability.Should the presidents ability to serve be disputed, Congress decides. They must, within 21 days, and by a two-thirds vote of each chamber, determine whether the president is able to serve or not. Until they do, the vice president acts as president.The 25th Amendment also provides a method for filling a vacated office of the vice president. The president must nominate a new vice presiden t, who must be confirmed by a majority vote of both houses of Congress.   Until ratification of the 25th Amendment, the Constitution provided that only the duties, rather than the actual title as president should be transferred to the vice president.In October  1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and President Richard Nixon nominated Gerald R. Ford to fill the office. in August  1974 President Nixon resigned, Vice President Ford became president and nominated Nelson Rockefeller as the new vice president. Although the circumstances that caused them were, shall we say, distasteful, the transfers of vice presidential power went smoothly and with little or no controversy. Beyond the President and Vice President The Presidential Succession Law of 1947 addressed the simultaneous disability of both the president and vice president. Under this law, here are the offices and current office holders who would become president should both the president and vice president be disabled. Remember, to assume the presidency, a person must also meet all the legal requirements to serve as president. The order of presidential succession, along with the person who would currently become president, is as follows:1. Vice President of the United States   Mike Pence 2. Speaker of the House of Representatives  Ã‚  Paul Ryan 3.  President pro tempore of the Senate   Orrin Hatch Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, President Harry S. Truman suggested that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be moved ahead of Cabinet members in the line of succession in order to ensure that the president would never be able to appoint his potential successor.    Both the Secretary of State and other Cabinet secretaries are appointed by the president with the approval of the Senate, while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected by the people. The members of the House of Representatives choose the Speaker of the House. Similarly, the President pro tempore is chosen by the Senate. While it is not a requirement, both the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore are traditionally members of the party holding the majority in their particular chamber. Congress approved the change and moved the Speaker and President pro tempore ahead of the Cabinet secretaries in the order of succession. The secretaries of the presidents Cabinet now fill out the balance of the order of presidential succession:4.  Secretary of State  Ã‚  Mike Pompeo5. Secretary of the Treasury   Steven Mnuchin6. Secretary of Defense Gen.  James Mattis7. Attorney General   Acting Attorney General Matthew G. Whitaker8. Secretary of the Interior   Ryan Zinke9. Secretary of Agriculture   Sonny Perdue10. Secretary of Commerce   Wilbur Ross11. Secretary of Labor   Alex Acosta12. Secretary of Health Human Services   Alex Azar13. Secretary of Housing Urban Development Dr.  Ben Carson14. Secretary of Transportation   Elaine Chao15. Secretary of Energy   Rick Perry16. Secretary of Education   Betsy DeVos17. Secretary of Veterans Affairs   Robert Wilkie18. Secretary of Homeland Security   Kirstjen M. Nielsen Presidents Who Assumed Office by Succession Chester A. ArthurCalvin CoolidgeMillard FillmoreGerald R. Ford *Andrew JohnsonLyndon B. JohnsonTheodore RooseveltHarry S. TrumanJohn Tyler * Gerald R. Ford assumed the office after the resignation of Richard M. Nixon. All others took office due to the death of their predecessor. Presidents Who Servedbut Were Never Elected Chester A. ArthurMillard FillmoreGerald R. FordAndrew JohnsonJohn TylerPresidents Who Had No Vice President * Chester A. ArthurMillard FillmoreAndrew JohnsonJohn Tyler* The 25th Amendment now requires presidents to nominate a new vice president.

Analysis of Sherman Alexies The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven and Smoke Signals

Analysis movies and books by Sherman Alexei's Lonely Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven and Smoke Signal based on his short stories written for his movies The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven are all Indian Describes the issues that must be addressed and how they deal with this book is much more complicated than a movie and shows more characters in different circumstances. In the movie, hero Victor is trying to be a typical Indian, or just a typical person. Sherman Alexie is based on his collection The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven's storytelling selection. The title and title of Smoke Signals are about the mainstream culture. Stereotype and prejudice about indigenous culture How did Alexis launch these stereotypes in his writings? †¢ Point out the standard scripting conventions used in text. Students can tell stories they learned (short stories, novels collections etc) or their stories and write it as a script You can extend this activity by creating a st oryboard to fit your script I will. Students can apply standard scripting conventions correctly - combining visual components and devices to enhance meaning and effect - to show understanding of forms (eg, conversation or narration to emphasize dictation) ) Analysis movies and books by Sherman Alexei's Lonely Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven and Smoke Signal based on his short stories written for his movies The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven are all Indian Describes the issues that must be addressed and how they deal with this book is much more complicated than a movie and shows more characters in different circumstances. In the movie, hero Victor is trying to be a typical Indian, or just a typical person. Abstract: Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven is a collection of 1993 short stories by Sherman Alexie. The letters and stories in the book, in particular This is the meaning of Phoenix, Arizona provides the basis for Alexis' movie 'Smoke Signal'. Lone Ranger a nd Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, published by Atlantic Monthly Press in 1993, is a revolutionary book by Sherman Aleksey. This work is composed of 22 interrelated stories and is often expressed as a collection of short stories by critics, but some people think that they have a new function similar to Love Medicine by Louise Erdrich. The central figures of this book, Victor Joseph and Thomas Builds - The - Fire, are two young Indians living in the Spokane Indian Settlement, telling the relationship with their families and other residents. , Wishes and history.

How the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has made an impact on business Essay

How the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has made an impact on business - Essay Example r example, the Canada’s long standing principles-based stock exchange was replaced with a hybrid rules and principles based corporate governance regime that was modeled in SOX and administered by security regulators (Sibold, 2009). Largely, as Sibold elaborates, the act aims to harmonize the global fiscal management polices by shifting these from the pervious rules based to principles based management, where a global platform on financial management can be achieved. The act largely bases on management through virtues and morals as compared to through rules. However, Sibold (2009) argues that there are possibilities of more executives and editors using the trust and moral trust enhanced by this act to act unethically as compared other previous management through rules. Family owned enterprises according to Sibold portray better performance of family influence that focuses the investments of the firm, and this lessens the moral hazards due to the minority equity claimants and in creasing form values. Therefore, as a profession in financial management or any other related field, the act requires that moral standing, virtues and business ethics have to be more pronounced in an individual to avoid conflict of interest in the workplace, where one is tempted to behave unethically. As a professional in financial management, it would be necessary to integrate both the rule based and principles based approach in financial management to ensure a wider approach to management problems in finances and reduce possible cases of unethical behaviors in managing

Tae Guk Gi (The Brotherhood of War)- (Korean) FILM ESSAY

Tae Guk Gi (The Brotherhood of War)- (Korean) FILM - Essay Example Jin-seok learns of his brothers plans and hopes to stop him from getting himself killed (Je-gyu 2004). He is horrified to see Jin-tae transformed by the war from a caring brother into a cruel soldier that seems to be pursuing glory rather than sacrificing himself to save his brother. The growing division between Jin-seok and Jin-tae reflects the growing division between the people of North Korea and South Korea following the communist revolution while reflecting on the many tragedies of the war. Although Jin-tae succeeds in earning the Medal of Honor for all the risks he takes, he is not successful in sheltering Jin-seok from the war. Jin-seok comes to resent his brother for what he is doing and refuses to go home. However, when the opportunity arises, he seeks out their family to let them know that both of them are okay (Je-gyu 2004). He returns home to find Young-shin being taken away for helping the communists, which she did for food and not for ideological reasons (Je-gyu 2004). When Jin-seok tries to prevent anti-communist partisans from executing Young-shin, he is imprisoned and treated as a communist traitor. Jin-tae attempts to intervene to help his brother and Young-shin and gets himself into trouble as well. Despite his efforts to protect his brother, Jin-tae is unable to stop his commander from ordering the prisoners, which include his brother, from being burned alive when the North Koreans are advancing on their encampment. Somehow, Jin-seok manages to escape th e fire. In the end, the two brothers are reunited after Jin-tae is captured by the North Koreans and joins their ranks as fanatic leading their "Flag Unit", thinking his brother is dead (Je-gyu 2004). Jin-seok loses his hatred for what his brother had become and risks his life to try to bring Jin-tae home safely. Although Jin-seok has to wait 50 years later to discover the fate of his brother, Jin-tae

Crisis management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crisis management - Essay Example While some crisis as the Cuban missile crisis was resolved within a period of 13days, others such as the World War I took over 4 years before they were finally settled. This essay seeks to evaluate the success factors of conflict resolution and analyze how they were applied in the Cuban missile crisis and the World War I. Kouzmin (17) points out that the timeliness of the response is a critical factor that determines the ability of the government or the involved parties to resolve their conflict. Crises are emergency situations that often have adverse effects to the social political system if prompt actions are not taken. The more the time that is taken to resolve a conflict, the more likely that the impact of the war is likely to be felt in the affected regions. While it is important to define a good background to resolve a conflict and to avoid hurried decisions that may fuel the war, there is need to develop a quick plan to initiate resolution strategies to reduce the ill effects that come along with such situations of war. Caldwell (6), a professor and a political analyst, commends President Kennedy for his prompt action to neutralize the looming danger of a heated nuclear war in a time of emergency. When the Cuban president stationed missiles in Cuba, there was already high tension that the two countries would engage in big fights whose repercussions would be out of magnitude. At this time, President of America prioritized this issue and focused on the emergency situation. First, he immediately dropped his support for North Korea attack on South Korea and engaged a consultative meeting to come up with a plan to resolve the conflict. Consequently the conflict was resolved within 13 days and no impacts of the looming war were experienced in America. Crisis management in the World War I seems to have taken a slow pace. Mulligan (73) points out that the reason why this war took too long to solve is because the governments had an attitude that any attempts to l aunch a crisis management plan would be futile. The impact of this delay is that World War I became one of the most catastrophic crises in the world history as many people lost their lives. The magnitude of the crisis is a factor that cannot be ignored while designing a strategic plan to mitigate the effects of a crisis. The geographical scope of a disaster is used to measure the intensity of a crisis and the population that is likely to be affected by the effects of the conflict. A disaster that involves only a few countries has less impact compared to one that affects the entire world. While planning the conflict resolution strategy, it is important to consider the applicability of the strategy to all the nations especially in a conflict that spans out in several countries. Kouzmin (7) warns that the domain of the threat has to be considered if the intervention strategy has to be successful. The First World War was a worldwide disaster the war was manifested in different ways in v arious countries. Mulligan (227) states that this war was a result of various threatening forces and determining the motives of the war was quite a complex issue, a factor that delayed the process of peace making. Governments took longer to agree on the best procedure to conflict resolution and this slowed the process while more people continued to suffer

The History Of Cnc Machines

The History Of Cnc Machines Before the advent of NC machines, operator had to manipulate the hand-wheels, levers, cams to make parts. This way the ability of the operator to make the parts with required narrow tolerance was limited. There were all possibilities of some variation resulting into variation of the axis dimensions resulting into poor fittings or wastages. The productivity of the worker was low so it was a dire need to operate the machine automatically. Earlier a series of cams were put to use to move the tools as an attempt to automate the process. Though they were tedious to set but once set it gave good precision, which were what later on known as Swiss machines or precision machines. (Wildes 1985) MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory gives a good account of pioneering effort on development of numerical control of machine tools, which is as under (History of the MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory). A significant postwar project that began in 1949 and continued and evolved through the 1950s was the work that led to numerical control of machine tools. Under a contract with the Parsons Company of Michigan, William M. Pease and James O. McDonough designed an experimental numerically-controlled milling machine which received directions through data on punched paper tape. The first working model of a continuous-path numerically-controlled milling machine was demonstrated in 1952. Further research was then carried out under the sponsorship of the U.S. Air Force. Subsequently, the laboratorys Computer Application Group, led by Douglas T. Ross, developed the Automatically Programmed Tool Language (APT), an easy-to-use, special purpose programming language. Eventually, APT became the world standard for programming computer-controlled machine tools. Parsons NC Milling Machine After World War II, Parsons was busy in developing rotor blades for aviation industry. For its complexity involved in shape, it was an uphill task to achieve precision, which was an utmost requirement. With his connections with an IBM computer, he realized that it is quite possible to produce accurate contour guides, which was hitherto difficult with manual calculations. Soon he received a contract with Air force to supply an automatic contour cutting machine for production of large wing section pieces for aircraft. He successfully developed a machine, which produced parts with accuracy and precision required by the aviation industry. Meanwhile, MIT researchers were doing developmental work with various kinds of control processes. They had already done some work with Air Force Projects during World War II. With the active association of MIT, Parsons experimented with servomotors to the x and y axis and successfully controlled them using computer that read punch-cards to process instructions. This made possible to machine complex shapes required for aviation industry. With a manual milling machine it was never possible and that is how he developed the NC milling machine. (Olivo 1987) After most pioneering efforts by Parsons and MIT researchers the ball set rolling for further growth and development of NC/CNC in the later years to come. CNC Generations Broad CNC generations classification can be done with regard to the development of CNC machine as under (CNC-Web-handout): 1952 1st generation NC, The first NC controlled machine for metal processing (relays and electronic tubes) 1960 2nd generation NC, relays and electronic tubes was replaced with transistors. 1965 3rd generation, integrated circuits 4th generation NC CNC (computerized numerical Control CNC Machines) In the first and second generation NC machines, controller received a set of instructions known as programme consisted of alphanumeric characters. Through these instructions, controller regulated the motions of a machine tool such as a lathe, milling machine, cutter. Preparation of programme was done with the very basic computers and then made available to the controller via a tape. At that time, Magnetic tape recorders and floppy disk drives were used for storage and recording purposes for the programme and as such no direct links were provided between the computer and controller. Controllers tape reader used to read these recorded programmes. For the purpose of debugging the programme and correcting the errors, it was necessary to have a new tape and several of such tapes were needed before an error-free programme was made. Further, for any modification or engineering changes one was forced to prepare a new tape and so on. (Siegel 1956) Historical Events in the Evolution of NC/CNC Machines Let us peep into the past for more specific developments in reference to NC/CNC machines, its components and important accessories, which culminated into the modern day CNCs. 1950- MIT servo mechanism lab developed Numerical Control (NC) milling machine 1952-Parsons filed for a patent on Motor Controlled Apparatus for Positioning Machine Tool. The date was 5 May, 1952 1953- Using a magnetic-tape playback system, a digital control system named Numericord was developed in April 1953 by joint effort of GL, MIT and General Electric Co. (Cuttingtoolengineering 2005) 1955- NC machines commercial version was on display at Chicago Machine Tool Show. In the show, several NC machines were on display, which were punched cards or punched paper tapes driven. (Cuttingtoolengineering 2005) 1955- IBM developed automatic tool changer. (Cuttingtoolengineering 2005) 1955-Numericord NC5 was found into operation at GLs plant at Fond du Lac, WI. (History of Computer Aided Manufacturing) 1956- A year of automatic programming of NC machining. 5.1 APT Developed Douglas Ross made pioneering efforts to put automatic programming of NC machining. Being a mathematician at MIT, Ross had gone to the ServoMechanism Laboratory to work with computer systems for high-speed data processing. His research converged to the development of the Automatically Programmed Tool (APT) system. (Upping Input Speed: automating NC. Cuttingtoolengineering 2005,) Ross believed that programmer should be able to convey his or her machining instructions in a simple English kind language, which is at times rational and can be modified based on experience. Thus, Ross had removed the last significant technological impediment to utilization of NC by the manufacturing industry on a broad scale. The development of APT was a major turning point in the evolution of NC, because it settled once and for all the issue of whether or not NC could be made economically viable in the light of programming costs, Reintjes said. Justifiably then, the APT language became the U.S. standard for programming NC machine tools in 1974, and became the international standard in 1978. (Upping Input Speed: automating NC. Cuttingtoolengineering 2005) 1957- GL introduced its first 5-axis Variax NC profilers. (History of Computer Aided Manufacturing) 1957- GLs (Giddings and Lewis Machine Tool Co) produced first miller (History of Computer Aided Manufacturing) 1957- A year of first CAM software system, an NC programming tool named PRONTO. Farnum, Gregory (2005) distinctly quotes contribution of Dr. Patrick Hanratty and term him as a father of CAD/CAM and categorically mentions, Then theres the guy who is often called the father of CAD/CAM, Dr.Patrick Hanratty. Among other contributions to the field, Hanratty, in 1957, developed the first commercial CAM software system, an NC programming tool named PRONTO. Of course, if one can digitally create patterns in space to guide a machine tool, one can do the same thing for other machinery as well, a fact that wasnt lost on the fledgling robotics industry and builders of other types of industrial equipment. Thus, the direct link between CNC and CAM. 1958- The first commercial NC machining centre with an automatic toolchanger and automatic work positioning. The company was Kearney Trecker Corp., Milwaukee and product was Milwaukee-Matic II. (Makely 2005) 1960- First controller with transistor technology introduced. (Groover 2007) 1960- Direct Numerical Control (DNC) eliminated paper tape punch programmes and allowed programmers to send files directly from computer to machine tool controller. (Groover 2007) 1963- A true CAD software, namely sketchpad, evolved. (Cuttingtoolengineering 2005) 1965- CAD drafting and the sculptured surfaces developed (Cuttingtoolengineering 2005) 1967- Use of integrated circuits (ICs) in NC reduced 90 percent components and 80 percent wiring connections. (Groover, 2007) The use of integrated circuits can be considered as a major breakthrough in the evolution of CNC machines as mentioned by Makely (2005) as per the following. But true maturity in NC development, according to Paul Warndorf, vice president of technology at AMT-the Association for Manufacturing Technology, didnt come until the development of integrated circuits replaced vacuum tubes with more efficient, more reliable. (Numbers Take Control: NC machines Cuttingtoolengineering 2005) 1968- First machining centre by Kearney and Trecker (machine tool builders) marketed. (Groover, 2007) 1970s- CNC machine tool developed. (Groover, 2007) Farnum (2005) describes how CAD could make the application of CNC machine tools for variety of applications. He states: As the 70s progressed, the increasing power of computers, and the introduction of lower-cost minicomputers, made CAD accessible to a wider array of users. A host of CAD companies, many of them still in existence today, arose to meet the growing demand. This trend was furthered by the emergence of powerful UNIX workstations and PCs in the early 1980s, along with the growing power of the CAD systems themselves. Today, its hard to imagine a manufacturing firm without a CAD/CAM system or the ability to transfer digital data to CNC machine tools. (Farnum 2005) 1972- Major development of the CAD/CAM machines evolved (Minimizing Movement: multitasking. Controltoolengineering 2005) The development on CAD/CAM made possible multitasking on CNCs, thus improving the productivity to manifold. Jim Cordier, a veteran of 48 years in engineering and customer service at Hardinge Inc., Elmira, N.Y., said multitasking evolved because you wanted to do more and more with one setup. If you do a part complete in one setup, you made a more accurate part and did it quicker. (Numbers Take Control: NC machines. Cuttingtoolengineering 2005) 1976- 3D CAM/CAD systems were introduced (History of Computer Aided Manufacturing) 1980s- Graphics based computer application developed. (Groover, Mikell P.2007) 1989- Expert CAM/CAD systems were developed (History of Computer Aided Manufacturing) 1997- PC window based Open Modular Architecture Control (OMAC) systems introduced to replace firmware controllers. (Groover, 2007) A History of 5-Axis CNC Machines When someone tries to trace the history of 5-Axis Machine, it goes to even before NC as Herrin (1995) tries to convey in his article History of 5-axis machining. The some of the excerpts is mentioned from his above article. The history of 5-axis machining goes back even before NC. My first exposure to it was in 1958 on a project funded by the U.S. Air Force for the purpose of evaluating the feasibility of 5-axis machining. Cincinnati Milacron, then Cincinnati Milling Machine Co., was awarded a contract to build and test an electronic tracing version of a 5-axis vertical mill. He further describes that four major technologies that were critical to the success of 5-axis machines are: machine, control hardware, control software, and part programming software. He further opines that considerable improvement in the computer hardware is the reason that has made CNC designers to provide for advanced capability to meet the requirements of 5-axis applications at a reasonable cost. (Herrin 1995) 6.1 Why 5-axis Machines Three axis CNC machines define its ability to perform the task and movement along the three different axes simultaneously. Those are X, Y, and Z. Axis parallel to the tool spindle is known as Z axis. Three axis CNC machines work on sculptured or tapered surfaces. It is not possible to work on the complex jobs like tapping, internal holes on complex surfaces with variable curvatures. Certain limitations of three axis machine forced the developer to think about the five-axis machine which has varied application in myriad of industries. Five-axis machines are built by adding two axes that rotate around either Y or Z axis. There are mainly three types of 5-axis machines. (A). A Dedicated 5-axis Machining Centre. The biggest drawback with such machines is that their range of motion is limited to +/- 30 degrees. When it is needed to have steeper angle of cut, manual intervention is required. They are not as rugged as three-axis machines (B). A Tilting/Rotary Table Type A tilting-rotary table is mounted to the bed of a (three-axis) CNC machine. They are available in the market for several years. Advantage is that they can be used by small and big shops alike for many machining jobs. The good thing is that it provides possibility to tilt the part at various angles and thus machining is possible at various sides of the part resulting to the real five-axis machining. However, tilting-rotary table machines exert limit on workpiece with regard to its width, weight, length, height. Besides, tilting tables are very large and cover up host machines working space in large amount. At times, it reduces the work space by as much as 75 percent. They are good for smaller parts. They pose a difficulty in holding the part when heavy cutting operations are to be carried out. Size of the workpiece and its weight pose a limitation for machining in these types of machines. (C). Spindle Head Attachments Type The major benefit of a spindle head attachment is that it has full access of the machining centres working envelope. There is no restriction on the size of the workpiece required to be machined. They are fully programmable and any three-axis machine can be converted to a real five-axis machining centre. It is possible to add tilting capability of +/- 90 degrees. It can also have full rotary motion of 360-degree. The attachment can convert any 3-axis machine to 5-axis machine in less than 30 minutes. Since this head attachment is portable, it provides flexibility and rigidity of three-axis machine and work well for machining of variety of jobs. Because this unique head is portable and can be mounted in less than 30 minutes, it allows the owner to benefit from the accuracy and rigidity of the three-axis mill for significant metal removal then mount the attachment to complete five-axis profiling, holes, pockets, etc. The cost is similar to that of the larger tilt-rotary tables. 6.2 The Benefits of Machining with Five Axes It eliminates a need to have multiple setups for refitting the workpiece at different angles. This definitely saves time and reduces errors. It also eliminates the need to have costly fixtures, tooling for holding the workpiece in place. The complex jobs like tapping, internal holes on a complex surfaces can be machined that are otherwise not possible. Five-axis technology also eliminates multiple setups required to re-position the workpiece at complex angles. This not only saves time, but greatly reduces errors and costly tooling and fixture expenses required to hold the workpiece in place. It also provides the ability to machine complex parts that are not otherwise possible-including holes, pockets and tapping required to be normal to a complex surface. To a mold maker, it provides following benefits. Machining time greatly reduced by using a flat bottom end mill by using full diameter of the cutter Side milling of the angled surfaces can be done with less number of passes on the complex surface. Much better surface finish can be achieved eliminating ribbing from ball-nose end mills. Cut down time and labour on manual millwork/handwork required to clean up convex or concave kellered surfaces. Why CNC Became so Important? Swamidass (2002) has distinctly defined the need of CNC machines stating: A CNC machine tool is a self-contained machine, where the tool-cutting movements, spindle speeds, tool exchange and other operations are controlled by a part programme executed by the computer controlled based at the machine tool. The machine design which holds the tool used to cut into the work piece. Conventional machine tools (lathes, drill presses, milling machines) are not computer controlled. The operation is done by skilled craftsman. There can be variations to dimensions on parts made on a conventional tool. The elimination of this variation is one objective (benefit) of automating the discreet part production process. The Historic Developments and Its Significance on CNC Machines It is important to understand that why all these mile stone achievements were so significant in overall evolution of CNC machines. Let us take some of them. 8.1 CNC Control A programme is interpreted by CNC Control. It activates the series of commands in given sequence and will initiate required function, set motion for axis and carry out necessary instructions mentioned in the programme. This amply proves that how important controller is in overall functioning of the CNC machines. State-of-the-art present day CNC Controls carry out several other functions like editing the programme due to some error. It also has a dry run to check and verify the correctness of programme. Moreover, it also allows operator to provide certain important inputs separate from the programme such as tool length values. In short, it controls all the functions of the machine and keeps track of it as and when needed. 8.2 Changing the Tool Automatically Centres have capacity to hold many tools in a tool magazine. As per the requirement tool can be automatically placed in the spindle for machining. 8.3 Spindle Speed and Activation The spindle can be turned in a forward and reverse direction and speed can be notified in RPM. When required, it can be turned off. 8.4 CAM System For a simple application, the CNC programme can be developed manually by operator, which is also the best way to develop the programmes. When it comes to more complicate applications, it becomes tedious and difficult to write the programme. There comes a CAM (a computer aided manufacturing) system into picture. CAM is a software programme, which runs on a computer and helps CNC programmer to complete the programming process. It can also work with CAD developed by the companys design and engineering department. Machine operator has to specify the machining operations and based on that CAM will have created the CNC programme as if it is written manually saving time, effort and complexities of the functions. (Momingstar 1993) DNC System Once the programme is developed, it is required to be loaded into the CNC control. But when available memory on CNC controller is not sufficient to accept the programme then the need of DNC (distributive numerical control) comes into the picture. It was like a computer device that used to be connected to one or several CNC machines. However, with the advent of PCs during the 1990s ended the utility of DNC controls. (Momingstar 1993) Current CNC Machines Todays CNC are much faster and offers automation features, which were never heard before. With modern machining centre axis-positioning requirements have specifically increased and tool management functions have become more complex. This forces to have far greater processing power to manage many complex functions. Caussin (1999) has given a very good account of the controls that CNCs are capable for and they are described as under: 9.1 The Heart of CNC-Motion Control CNC machines are known for their automation, precision and consistent motion controls. CNC machines use motion control in a way, which can be called as revolutionary. Motions could be either linear or rotary. In conventional machine tools, these motions are caused by the use of cranks and handwheels. But the programmed commands initiate the motion in CNC machines. The motion type, motion rate (feed rate), motion type and which-axis-to-move all that are programmed with CNC machine tools. A CNC command conveys the drive motor to rotate specific number of times, which causes the rotation of the ball screw. The ball screw, in turn, moves to the linear axis. A feedback device confirms that specified number of rotations have taken place. . 9.2 CNC Speed and Feed Rates Now a days, dual processors or even parallel processors are in demands to increase the processing speed. It can notify the broken tools and necessary inspection can be done at machine centre itself. Parallel processors are employed to increase the speed of complex task. It is capable to change the feed rates based on the spindle load parameters. This reduces the required processing time. Further, depending upon the actual tool load, it can control and monitor the feed rate so as to avoid any damage to the tool. A feed rate will also determine when to change the tool when it reduces to the less than certain percentage of the normal. 9.3 Voltage Fluctuation and Loads They can also monitor voltage fluctuations to decide if a tool has broken. CNC can locate if some catastrophic problem is there with the tool and it will shut down the process. 9.4 Probing It can probe in a variety of ways to reduce setup time, as many controls have number of setup features like diameter offsets and tool length. That is to say that with an automated tool offset feature, it can set offsets for number of tools in a few minutes. Probes also facilitate setting the Z fixture offset automatically for speedy processes. It also allows setting for the X-Y axes automatically by imparting an appropriate programmeme. While machining a casting, it is required to verify the datum point and there also a probe will save considerable time. A feature known as rotation searching will probe the casting and work out the angle of difference and rotate the programme accordingly. Off line inspection of parts is a time consuming process but here also CNC will allow the use of a probe and verify its measurements. By probing a part it can also ascertain tool wear for its replacement. CNC can be programmed so that the tool will be probed as part of the machining cycle. It is so automatic that as the tool touches the probe, the next tool is loaded and the machining goes on. If it does not touch the probe then programme stops further machining. 9.5 Better Axis Synchronization State-of-the-art technology of the present day CNCs offer better control and make possible the synchronization of the Z axis with the spindle and rest of the system. That results into the possibility of rigid tapping which delivers high level of accuracy. Perfect synchronization between X-Y and Z axes makes helical interpolation possible so that very cost-effective threading on holes over 1 inch can be carried out. It also makes possible threads in blind holes, pipe threads and threads in holes in odd-shaped parts. 9.6 Connectivity Present day CNCs offer possibility to communicate with other processors. This saves a lot of time of the operator to set communication parameters from his PC to the machining centre. Nowadays CNCs offer the capacity to connect to the internet. Companies with global operations are greatly benefitted from this so that they can transfer their programmers to other locations. So todays CNCs provide a very high level of automation. Any skillful operator can use all the the features to increase his own and companys productivity. The Future of CNC The future development of CNCs will always depend upon the other technologies, which are developing simultaneously. Even innovators like John Parsons and others never thought of the present day achievements of CNC machines. At that time, they could not have visualized in their dreams that we would have colour graphics, high speed mega hertz microprocessors, touch screen CRTs and so on. Similarly it is difficult to visualize for us now how new technologies will develop in the next 20-30 years. However, one common factor that can be described is a need based development and innovation, which will not only continue but will have an accelerated pace. Vonasek (2009) interviewed many industry experts and described some of the possible future developments, which can be listed as under. CNC machines with more integration toward loading and unloading systems. Integration between CAD programmes and the CAM software for the machine, making connection between workpiece production and actual product development more feasible. More energy efficient and increased productivity. Faster and more powerful drive systems with even greater accuracy. CNC routers with more application Conclusions As science will make inroads in artificial intelligence, it is quite likely that future CNC machines will turn more and more user friendly but that will come with a cost attached to it. The sophistication will bring many new features but affordability will be a big question for many small and medium sized companies. However, in all likelihood basic CNC machines with 3-axis movements will be a preferred choice for common applications, which do not come under purview of high-tech areas. The future of CNCs is extremely exciting and rewarding. It can be said that CNCs have always been the back bone of engineering industries and will remain like that for future years to come.